Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

After discussing the demands on ERL injectors for different projects, we will discuss the technological challenges and the obtained solutions for different parts of the SRF gun. The first point is the shape of the gun cavity and the tuning system. An essential parameter is the length of the first cell, which is determined by the condition, that the field strength at the cathode has a maximal value at the moment of electron emission. If the cavity consists of different cells, as the 3 ½ cell cavity of the Rossendorf gun, two independent tuning systems are necessary. An essential point is the installation of a normal conducting cathode inside a superconducting cavity. The cathode must be isolated by a vacuum gap, it must be alignable and exchangeable from outside of the cryostat and on has to cool down it to LN2 temperature. The next point of discussion is the RF choke filter, which prevents the leakage of RF power, caused by the coaxial between the cathode and the cavity. Different solutions will be shown. In order to focus the beam and to avoid the increasing of transverse emittance a static magnetic field is applied immediately after the cathode in normal conducting RF guns. For a superconducting cavity three possibilities exist to reach the same effect: The first is to put a solenoid after the cavity and outside the cryostat. The second one is the so called RF focussing, where near the cathode a radial component of the RF field is created, which focus the beam. The most elegant way is to put an additional magnetic RF mode into the cavity. It is shown, that for emittance compensation the phase of this mode is not relevant and the amplitude is inside the limit, given by the maximal surface field strength. Especially for high current guns the input of RF power could be a problem. We will show the limits of the RF coupler in the current Rossendorf project and discuss the idea of a coaxial input of RF power from the cathode side of the gun, where the coaxial between the cathode and the cavity is the main part of the RF input coupler. In the last point we discuss the experimental results obtained in Rossendorf and present the status of the current project.

For the ELBE electron linear accelerator a superconducting accerating module was developed and is now in routine operation. The cryostat contains two TESLA cavities (1.3 GHz) and is designed for cw operation with an accelerating gradient of 10 MV/m and a maximum average beam current of 1 mA. For the power RF two 10 kW klystrons are used. Special tuners, power couplers, low level rf control, cryogenic control systems and safety systems were developed. We will discuss engineering design, operation parameters and our experience with the module.

As an example, we report on the tailoring of the magnetic properties of Permalloy (20 nm Ni81Fe19) by means of 30 keV Cr implantation. Due to the doping the Curie temperature of the Permalloy film decreases with the implantation fluence and drops below room temperature at an averaged Cr concentration of about 7 at-%. Also the saturation magnetization and the uniaxial anisotropy decrease. However the magnetic damping behavior of Cr implanted Permalloy films is strongly enhanced which is due to a combination of structural changes and alloying effects in the thin film. In order to clarify the basic mechanism for the enhancement the chemical and structural contributions to the magnetic damping parameter are separated by a comparison to results of 30 keV Ni implantation.

The alteration of magnetic properties in magnetic thin films by ion radiation has gained increasing attention in recent years. Here, we present data on the local alteration of the magnetic anisotropy axis in amorphous soft magnetic FeCoBSi films by He-ion irradiation in an applied magnetic in-plane field. Sputtered CoFeSiB (thickness 30 nm) were irradiated with 5 keV He-ions. A magnetic field of 600 Oe was applied during irradiation aligned orthogonal to the initial easy axis of anisotropy. Above a critical fluence an alignment of anisotropy in the applied field direction is observed by MOKE magnetometry and complementary domain observation by Kerr microscopy. Using irradiation together with photolithography the films were irradiated locally, thus resulting in anisotropypatterned
structures. Domain patterns in different elements with varying
angles of anisotropy and edge orientation, separating regions of different anisotropy alignment, are shown. The influence of the patterning on the (still) full film reversal is discussed in detail.

Zellen des Bakterienstammes Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 sind in der Lage, Au(III) an ihre Zelloberfläche, vermutlich durch ihre S-layer, zu binden. Nach Zugabe eines Reduktionsmittels wird Au(III) zu Au(0) reduziert. Die Bildung von Goldnanopartikeln wurde mittels EXAFS, TEM und EDX-Analyse nachgewiesen.
Molekularbiologische Analysen der metallbindenden S-layer wiesen die Existenz von zwei unterschiedlichen S-layer-Genen nach. Sowohl das funktionale Gen als auch das stumme Gen wurde sequenziert. Zudem wurde ein neuartiges Insertionselement identifiziert, welches interessanterweise ein stummes S-layer-Gen enthält.

First lasing of the mid infrared FEL at ELBE was achieved on May 7, 2004. The Radiation Source ELBE at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf in Dresden is currently under transition from commissioning to regular user operation. Presently the electron linac produces an up to 18 MeV, 1 mA (cw) electron beam which is alotted to generate various kinds of secondary radiation. After the successful commissioning of the bremsstrahlung and channeling-X-ray facilities during 2003 stable lasing has now been observed in the IR range (15 to 22 μm). The oscillator FEL is equipped with two planar undulator units, both consisting of 34 hybrid permanent magnet periods of 27.3 mm (Krms = 0.3 - 0.8). The distance between the two parts is variable and the gaps can be adjusted and tapered independently. At 19.6 µm an optical power of 3W was out-coupled in a macro pulse of 0.6 ms duration using an electron beam energy of 16.1 MeV and an energy spread of less than 100 keV; the micropulse charge was 50 pC and its width slightly above 1ps. With the installation of a second acceleration module for additional 20 MeV smaller wavelengths will become available in the near future.

The crystallization of amorphous silicon films deposited on glass, using the flash lamp annealing process was realized and studied. The duration of the flash is 20 ms, about two orders of magnitude shorter than the standard rapid thermal annealing process. The a-Si films deposited on Coming glass were irradiated with different energy densities and crystallized exhibiting grains with a mean size up to 6 mum. In order to reduce the strain due to the thermal gradient, the samples were preheated from the backside. The ability of the FLA process to eliminate the ingrain defects in already crystallized poly-Si films at 600 degreesC is also demonstrated.

• The Scientific System of Germany

• The Current Change-Management Process

• Tools for Management Assistance
• Controlling: Performance and Success Evaluation
• Summary

A general but simple method is proposed to eliminate the quantum fluctuations generated by selected one-body operators in the excitation spectrum of a discrete random phase approximation (RPA) Hamiltonian. This method provides an outstanding tool for the removal of the contaminating spurious effects originated from symetry violations. It can be also applied as a mode filter for analyzing RPA response functions.

Ti_1-xAl_xN coatings are of common use for a vast variety of applications. For each of them, controlling the microstructure is crucial because it determines usefulness, performance and lifetime. Thus, literature on the relationship between deposition parameters, microstructure, and performance of Ti_1-xAl_xN coatings is large. However, little is known regarding the atomistic mechanisms for these observed relationships. Our approach in understanding those mechanisms is in-situ x-ray diffraction during the growth of Ti_1-xAl_xN films using a deposition chamber installed at the Rossendorf beam line BM20 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. All films were deposited by reactive co-sputtering from Ti and Al targets; one series at constant x = 0.06 varying substrate temperature, bias voltage, and nitrogen partial pressure and thus growth rate. In another series, x was systematically varied from 0 to 0.73 while keeping all other parameters constant. Values of x < 0.15 and high deposition rates lead to a typical cross-over behavior between initial (002) and final (111) preferred orientation. Reducing the deposition rate leads to (002) preferred orientation practically independent of film thickness and substrate temperature. Yet, suppressing collisionally-induced atomic N on the sample surface by applying a positive bias voltage, brings back a (111) preferred orientation. Those observations are consistent with proposed atomistic models. Keeping the deposition rates low, (111) preferred orientation can also be induced by increasing x above 0.15, which in the presence of atomic N can be explained by its higher adatom mobility. Increasing x towards the AlN segregation threshold at x = 0.60 leads to hard nano-composite TiAlN/AlN structures, and pushing x further to 0.73 leads to highly stressed AlN with an a-axis off-plane texture.

In-situ x-ray diffraction was employed during the growth of thin Ti_1-xAl_xN films, using a deposition chamber installed at a synchrotron radiation beamline. The films were deposited by reactive co-sputtering from Ti and Al targets. At constant x ~ 0.06, substrate temperature, bias voltage, and nitrogen partial pressure, and thus growth rate, was varied. Further, x was systematically varied from 0 to 0.73 while keeping all the other parameters constant. x < 0.15 and high deposition rates of ~ 1 Å/s lead to the typical crossover behavior between initial (001) and final (111) off-plane preferred orientation. Reducing the deposition rate to < 0.5 Å/s leads to a reversed behavior with a clear (001) preferred orientation above a film thickness of 600 Å which is essentially independent of the substrate temperature. Keeping the deposition rate low, the (111) preferred orientation can be recovered for x > 0.15, which can be explained by the higher adatom mobility of Al compared to Ti in the presence of atomic nitrogen. Increasing x towards the AlN segregation threshold at x ~ 0.60 leads to hard nano-composite nc-TiAlN/AlN structures, and x > 0.73 finally leads to dominant AlN with an a-axis off-plane texture.

In-situ x-ray diffraction has been used to characterize the growth and microstructure of wear protective Ti_1-xAl_xN thin films. The films were deposited onto oxidized Si(100) wafers in a sputter chamber mounted onto a six-circle goniometer located at a synchrotron radiation beamline. Off-plane and in-plane x-ray diffraction data were recorded in-situ during growth, in order to follow the development of microstructure and preferred orientation as a function of film thickness. The measurements were supplemented by ex-situ cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy analyses. The films were deposited by reactive co-sputtering from metallic Ti and Al targets in Ar/N₂ gas mixtures at substrate temperatures of 150 °C and 300 °C, substrate bias voltages of -30 V and +10 V, and deposition rates between 0.9 Å/s and 0.3 Å/s. The film composition was changed between pure TiN and Ti_0.91Al_0.09N. Films deposited at higher deposition rates show columnar structure with competitive growth between (001) and (111) crystalline orientation, which slowly evolves into a (111) preferred orientation containing inter- and intracolumn porosities. Reducing the deposition rate to 0.3 Å/s leads to an almost complete (001) preferred orientation with reduced surface roughness, practically independent of the deposition temperature. As the stress state of the films remains low for both deposition rates, it is suggested that the ion-to-neutral arrival rate (J_I/J_Ti+Al) determines the texture development rather than the stress. This is corroborated by applying a positive substrate bias, which, by suppressing ion impingement, leads back to an evolving (111) preferred orientation.

Der Small Punch Test (SPT) ist ein Kleinstprobenversuch, bei dem kleine scheibenförmige Proben in einem Miniaturtiefziehversuch bis zum Versagen belastet werden. Dabei wird eine charakteristische Kraft-Verschiebungs-Kurve für den Druckstempel ermittelt, welche Informationen über das Verformungs- und Versagensverhalten des verwendeten Probenmaterials enthält. Es wird eine den speziellen Anforderungen entsprechende Messapparatur vorgestellt, die es ermöglicht, die Kraft-Verschiebungs-Kurve zu ermitteln und auf optischem Wege den Versagenszeitpunkt der Probe zu bestimmen. Es wird ein Finite Elemente Modell des Small Punch Test benutzt, in dem ein schädigungsmechanisches Materialmodell implementiert ist, um für verschiedene Materialparametersätze die zu erwartenden Kraft-Verschiebungs-Kurven zu berechnen. Mit Hilfe der simulierten Kraft-Verschiebungs-Kurven und den dazugehörigen Materialparametern werden neuronale Netze trainiert, die in einem Lernprozess einen verallgemeinerten Zusammenhang zwischen Materialparametern und Kraft-Verschiebungs-Kurven herstellen. Dieser Zusammenhang kann entweder die approximierte Lösung des inversen Randwertproblems sein, die es ermöglicht aus einer experimentell ermittelten Kraft-Verschiebungs-Kurve des SPT direkt die gesuchten Materialparameter zu bestimmen. Es kann aber auch das Randwertproblem selbst approximiert werden, um in einem Optimierungsverfahren die Materialparameter zu bestimmen, für die sich eine optimale Übereinstimmung zwischen Simulation und Experiment ergeben würde. Beide Techniken werden an verschiedenen duktilen metallischen Werkstoffen getestet. Mit den ermittelten Materialparametern werden Zug- und Bruchmechanikproben simuliert, wobei nicht nur die Materialparameter verifiziert werden, sondern es auch gelingt, für einige Werkstoffe bruchmechanische Kennwerte vorherzusagen.

• wird nachgereicht

The mean N-over-Z (Z) ratio of residues produced in the fragmentation of Xe-136 (N/Z = 1.519), Xe-124 (N/Z = 1.296) in comparison with Fe-56 (N/Z = 1.154) is investigated over the full range of Z. The final residues from the Xe-136 projectile keep a memory on the initial N/Z. The idea to trace back the excitation energy of the fragment entering evaporation via direct exploration of the N/Z evolution in the evaporation process is investigated and applied to the data. The freeze-out temperature is deduced, which is consistent with the investigations of light and intermediate-mass fragments (IMF) in other experiments.

Recently, the investigation of metallic nanoparticles embedded in dielectric oxides has become a topic in magnetic data storage development. Especially the creation of high density data storage devices due to ion beam synthesis of magnetically, highly anisotropic FePt nanoparticles in sapphire yielded promising results. On the other hand, pure Fe-nanoparticles have been created in sapphire, Y-stabilized ZrO2 or MgO. The motivation for the latter includes the search for magneto-optically active surfaces as well as pronounced magnetoresistance.
For doping MgO single crystals with Fe, ion implantation is a promising technique. First extensive studies were performed by Perez et al. who investigated the annealing behaviour of samples implanted with different doses of 57Fe at different energies with conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) [1]. They obtained up to 20 % of the implanted iron atoms in a-Fe precipitates while the remaining Fe-atoms were found to be in different Fe2+ and Fe3+ charge states.

In this paper, we propose a method for the creation of large fractions of a-Fe nanoparticles (up to 60%). MgO(001) single crystals were implanted with of 6x1016 cm-2 ions of the Mössbauer isotope 57Fe at 100 keV. The implantation temperature was varied from room temperature up to 800 °C. Moreover, post annealing was investigated. Samples were characterized by CEMS, RBS, TEM and XRD. We found that the temperature during the implantation plays the important role for the formation of the Fe0 state while post annealing results in the preferential formation of Fe oxidation states, mainly Fe3+ states. The largest fraction of iron with Fe0 state was obtained at implantation temperatures between 600 and 800 °C.

[1] A. Perez, G. Marest, B.D. Sawicka, J.A. Sawicki, T. Tyliszczak, Phys. Rev. B, 28, 1227 (1983)

Recent progress on electrically driven silicon based light emitters is reviewed, with emphasis on our work on light emitting pn diodes (LED) and MOS devices doped with rare-earth elements. The LEDs were fabricated by high-dose boron implantation, producing nanoscale modifications in the material. The electroluminescence (EL) efficiency increases with temperature, reaching 0.1% (wall plug efficiency) at room temperature for optimized conditions. Such devices were integrated into a microcavity. In the MOS devices the oxide was implanted with various rare-earth elements, resulting in strong EL in the visible (Tb) and ultraviolet (Gd). External quantum efficiencies in excess of 10% are reported.

Recently remarkable progress has occurred in the variety and efficiency of silicon based light emitters, based on Si pn junctions, Si MOS structures doped with rare earth elements, or containing Si nanoclusters. I will present our work in some of these areas.

We have fabricated Si light emitting diodes (LED) by high-dose boron implantation into n-type Si. The free-exciton electroluminescence (EL) increases with temperature, reaching wall-plug efficiencies of more than 0.1% at room temperature. A model which is based on excitons localized near nanoscale boron doping spikes can explain the EL dependence on current and temperature. We have integrated such structures into a microcavity with a buried metallic CoSi2 bottom mirror and a Si/SiO2 Bragg mirror on top. This resonant-cavity LED exhibits significant spectral narrowing, consistent with the quality of the cavity.

We also have fabricated light emitting Si MOS structures which were implanted with various rare-earth elements, from the well known Er3+ emitting at the telecom wavelength of 1.54 microns, to Gd3+, which emits in the deep UV at 316 nm. This is, to our knowledge, the first Si based UV light emitter, with many potential applications in areas such as bio-sensing.

Operator theoretic structures are discussed which underlie PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics (PTSQM), the spherically symmetric α²-dynamo of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and the plane Couette flow of hydrodynamics (described by the Squire equation). Mathematically, the three types of models are closely related as spectral problems in Krein spaces − Hilbert spaces with an indefinite metric structure.
In contrast to the purely real spectrum of self-adjoint operators in "usual" Hilbert spaces, the spectrum of self-adjoint operators in Krein spaces consists, in general, of two types of spectral sectors: sectors with purely real eigenvalues and other sectors with pairwise complex conjugate eigenvalues. Transitions between different sectors occur at exceptional points of square root branching type. Knowing the boundaries of the sectors in parameter space one would know, e.g., the boundaries of the physical sectors of PTSQM (with exact/unbroken PT-symmetry) or of the oscillatory regimes of α²-dynamos.
The underlying Krein space related structure of the different physical setups indicates a possible fruitful interplay of these models in handling their technical and conceptual aspects on a unified footing. We make some aspects of such an interplay explicit and demonstrate its usefulness on the example of a PT-symmetric interpolation model and the Squire equation of hydrodynamics. This allows us to gain a deeper insight into the specifics of the Herbst limit.

The talk is based on material from math-ph/0501069 (which is to appear in J. Math. Phys.) and extends it.

Abstract wird nachgereicht.

In this report, a generic test case concerning the “heterogeneous inherent dilution during a small break LOCA” is analyzed. During the heat transfer phase of a small break in the primary circuit, vapour, which is formed in the core region, can condense in the steam generator tubes what yields pure, unborated water. Under certain conditions, in particular in the absence of natural circulation, this pure water can accumulate in the steam generator and/or the U form intermediate leg. When the natural circulation starts, the pure water can be transported into the reactor pressure vessel with the possible risk of a criticality accident.

For the validation of Trio_U to the application to such accidents, a generic ROCOM experiment with a constant flow rate in one loop in the magnitude of natural circulation and 10% density difference between ECC and loop water was analysed. The following results have been concluded:

The Trio_U calculation shows a good agreement with the experiment, provided that the exact ROCOM geometry is used.
The LES approach led not only to a good qualitative representation of the experiment, but also a good quantitative accordance. This is true for the two tested sub-grid models, the Smagorinsky model and the WALE model.
It seems that the WALE model treats more correctly the injection phase and the formation of the cold plume in the upper downcomer region. However, the detected azimuthal displacement of the cold plume with the WALE model can lead to errors in the prediction of the core region which is affected by the injection.
The Smagorinsky model seems to underestimate the mixing phenomena during the injection phase. However, the location of the cold plume at the lower end of the downcomer was better predicted than with the WALE model
The transient of the tracer concentrations in the downcomer has been calculated on one hand for the 1:5 KONVOI geometry and on the other hand for the ROCOM geometry. The comparison of these results has shown the importance of using very precise CAD data when applying CFD.

Due to their large specific surface area and high sorption affinity, iron-containing colloids are capable to remove dissolved contaminants from solution and to retard their migration by the water path. In a pH range near to the point of zero charge, the low electrostatic stability favors agglomeration and sedimentation of such colloids, enabling their retention (e.g., by the formation of crusts). Freshly formed iron-rich colloids mainly consist of metastable iron phases such as schwertmannite or ferrihydrite. X-ray diffraction is not sensitive enough to quantify these phases because of small particle size (< 50 nm) and/or poor structural order. Aging of these metastable phases to more crystalline Fe minerals such as goethite or hematite may have consequences on the fate of the adsorbed contaminants. The modification of surface binding sites and of steric mineral properties by the recrystallization process may cause either desorption of the contaminants from the surface, or allow their incorporation into the lattice.

Our research focuses on the mobility of uranium during the flooding process of abandoned uranium mines in East Germany. The aim is to study the behavior of uranium during the aging process of iron-rich colloids which have scavenged uranium. Information on the speciation of uranium and its migration in the vicinity of such mines is crucial for hazard prognosis.
It is thus necessary to identify and to quantify precisely the transformation of iron phases into more crystalline Fe minerals by chemical analysis. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a powerful tool to discriminate the expected minerals goethite, hematite and ferrihydrite. In mixtures, fractions < 5 % can be separated without difficulties. We used Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature to identify the aging products. Transmission spectra of calibration standards of ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite and mixtures of defined ratios were compared with spectra of the iron-containing colloids. This enabled us to characterize the aging process.

The complex formation of neptunium(V) with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid) was studied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy with ultra-short laser pulses using the fluorescence properties of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid. A 2:1 complex of neptunium(V) with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid was found. The stability constant of this complex was determined to be log β210 = 7.33 ± 0.10 at an ionic strength of 0.1 mol/l (NaClO4) and at 21 °C. The determination of the stability constant required an investigation of the excited-state proton transfer of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid over the whole pH range. It was realized that 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid undergoes excited-state reactions only at pH values below 5. At pH values above 5 stability constants can be determined without kinetic calculation of the proton transfer.

In successive implantations of p- and/or n-dopants the implantation sequence may affect the ion range distributions. This is demonstrated for two consecutive implantations into the [001] channel direction: (i) 35 keV B followed by 50 keV As and (ii) 50 keV As followed by 35 keV B. The defects formed in the first implantation cause enhanced dechanneling of the subsequently implanted ions and, therefore, influence the shape of the range distributions in the second implantation step. The experimental range profiles can be reproduced very well by atomistic computer simulations which take into account damage accumulation or dynamic annealing during a single implantation step as well as the influence of the defects formed by the preceding implantation steps.

The Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (FZR) carries on a series of workshops on Measurement Techniques for Steady and Transient Multiphase Flows with the support of the following organisations: DECHEMA / Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V., Kerntechnische Gesellschaft e. V. (KTG), Technical Group on Thermal and Fluiddynamics and Local Section of Saxony, Institute of Process Technique, Process Automation, and Measuring Technique (IPM) at the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz and the TELETRONIC GmbH in Rossendorf. The first workshop was held in 1997 and had the character of a national event. International participation started for the first time in the 2000 edition of the workshops series.

The main aim of this workshops series is to discuss recent developments and future tendencies in the field of high-resolution measuring techniques used to characterise two-phase or multi-phase flow fields. Examples are measurements of the gas-liquid interface, the characterisation of its structure and its evolution in the field of gas-liquid flows and measurements of size, shape and velocity of individual particles of the disperse phase (bubbles, droplets etc.) and their dynamics. The efforts in the measure-ments field correspond to the needs of the development of three-dimensional computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) models and computer codes. High-resolution data is necessary both for the development of geometry independent constitutive equations describing the interaction of the different phases taking part in the flow and for the validation of the CFD codes against experiments. Moreover, modern tendencies in instrumentation for industrial applications are discussed.

Abstract wird nachgereicht

eingeladener Institutsvortrag

The transition from the application of conservative models to the use of best-estimate models raises the question about the uncertainty of the obtained results. This question becomes especially important, if the best-estimate models should be used for safety analyses in the field of nuclear engineering. Different methodologies were developed to assess the uncertainty of the calculation results of computer simulation codes. One of them is the methodology developed by Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) which uses the statistical code package SUSA.

In the frame of the recently finished EU FP5 funded research project VALCO, that methodology was extended and successfully applied to different coupled code systems, including the uncertainty analysis for neutronics. These code systems consist of a thermal hydraulic system code and a 3D neutron kinetic core model. One of the code systems applied was ATHLET coupled with the Rossendorf kinetics code DYN3D. Two real transients at NPPs with VVER-type reactors documented within the VALCO project were selected for analyses. One was a test with the switching-off of one of two main feed water pumps at the VVER-1000 Balakovo-4 NPP. Based on the relevant physical processes in the transients, a list of possible sources of uncertainties was compiled. Besides control parameters like control rod movement and thermal hydraulic parameters like secondary side pressure, mass flow rates, pressurizer sprayer and heater performance, different neutron kinetic parameters were included into the list of possible sources of uncertainties. Sets of input data with statistical variation of the relevant parameter values were generated for a large number of runs of the coupled code.

The SUSA package was used to make a statistical analysis of the result parameters from the output data of the calculations. Time-dependent rank correlation coefficients were calculated showing the influence of the varied parameters on the output parameter under investigation. The most interesting output parameters are the physical parameters for which experimental data are available. The calculation results allowed also the determination of time-dependent tolerance intervals for given coverage and confidence. The comparison of the experimental data, the (best-estimate) reference solution and the tolerance intervals showed how the agreement between experiment and calculation could be quantified. In most of the cases the tolerance intervals include the experimental curves. A compiled list of the most important input parameters based on the rank correlation coefficients shows, which input parameters and models are responsible for the deviations. This list gives indications for further model improvements and code developments.

The coolant mixing in PWR is an issue relevant for reactor safety, but of importance also for the optimisation of normal reactor operation. In the case of boron dilution accidents, the coolant mixing is the only effective mitigative mechanism against severe consequences of the accident. The degree of mixing determines the thermal and, therefore, mechanical load of the reactor pressure vessel wall.

Within the European project FLOMIX-R, an unique experimental data base on coolant mixing in PWRs has been created. Experiments on coolant mixing have been performed at three European mixing test facilities representing different types of reactors. Additionally, slug mixing data from the FSUE EDO Gidropress VVER-1000 mock-up have been made available. Mixing under steady-state flow conditions, slug mixing during the start-up of the first main coolant pump and mixing of cold emergency core cooling (ECC) water have been investigated. Moreover, measurement data from a real VVER-440 reactor plant (NPP Paks in Hungary) have been made available.

The measurement data base was used for the validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Calculations were performed for selected tests from the data base using the CFD codes CFX and FLUENT. For quality assurance in the CFD code validation, so-called Best Practice Guidelines (BPG) have been applied. The BPG require a minimization of numerical errors and solution errors by systematic grid and time step refinement and sensitivity tests on the impact of uncertainties in the boundary conditions, before the effect of different physical models can be assessed. The applicability of various turbulence modeling techniques was studied for transient and steady state flow.

The paper gives on overview on the experimental data base and on first, preliminary conclusions from the CFD code validation.

Experimental investigations on coolant mixing in Pressurised Water Reactors (PWR) have been performed within the EC project FLOMIX-R. The project was aimed at describing the mixing phenomena relevant for both safety analysis, particularly in steam line break and boron dilution scenarios, and mixing phenomena of interest for economical operation and the structural integrity. Measurement data from a set of mixing experiments have been gained by using advanced measurement techniques with enhanced resolution in time and space. Slug mixing tests simulating the start-up of the first main circulation pump are performed with three 1:5 scaled facilities: the Rossendorf Coolant Mixing model ROCOM, the Vattenfall test facility and a metal mock-up of VVER-1000 type reactor at EDO Gidropress. Experimental results on buoyancy driven mixing of fluids with density differences have been obtained at ROCOM and the Fortum PTS test facility. In generic experiments with injection of water with higher density performed at ROCOM, transition between momentum driven mixing as it is typical for pump start-up scenarios, and buoyancy driven mixing was found. The Froude number was identified as a proper transition criterion. Measurement data available from NPP Paks VVER-440 type reactor commissioning tests together with data from the ROCOM facility are used as a basis for the flow distribution studies. Alltogether, a unique data base has been created to be used for the validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes for the application to turbulent mixing in nuclear reactors.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) frequently occur in the deep granitic rock aquifers at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Äspö HRL), Sweden. The new SRB strain Desulfovibrio äspöensis could be iso-lated. The objective of this project was to explore the basic interaction mechanisms of uranium, curium, neptunium and plutonium with cells of D. äspöensis DSM 10631T.
The cells of D. äspöensis were successfully cultivated under anaerobic conditions as well in an optimized bicarbonate-buffered mineral medium as on solid medium at 22 °C. To study the interaction of D. äspöensis with the actinides, the cells were grown to the mid-exponential phase (four days). The collected biomass was usually 1.0±0.2 gdry weight/L. The purity of the used bacterial cultures was verified using microscopic techniques and by applying the Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Enzyme Analysis (ARDREA).
The interaction experiments with the actinides showed that the cells are able to remove all four actinides from the surrounding solution. The amount of removed actinide and the interaction mechanism varied among the different actinides.
The main U(VI) removal occurred after the first 24 h. The contact time, pH and [U(VI)]initial influence the U removal efficiency. The presence of uranium caused a damaging of the cell membranes. TEM revealed an accumulation of U inside the bacterial cell. D. äspöensis are able to form U(IV). A complex interaction mechanism takes place consisting of biosorption, bioreduction and bioaccumulation.
Neptunium interacts in a similar way. The experimental findings are indicating a stronger interaction with uranium compared to neptunium.
The results obtained with 242Pu indicate the ability of the cells of D. äspöensis to accumulate and to reduce Pu(VI) from a solution containing Pu(VI) and Pu(IV)-polymers.
In the case of curium at a much lower metal concentration of 3x10-7 M, a pure biosorption of Cm(III) on the cell envelope forming an inner-sphere surface complex most likely with organic phosphate groups was detected.
To summarize, the strength of the interaction of D. äspöensis with the selected actinides at pH 5 and actinide concentrations ≥ 10 mg/L ([Cm] 0.07 mg/L) follows the pattern: Cm > U > Pu >> Np.

The Earth magnetic field undergoes polarity reversals with a mean reversal rate that varies from zero during the supercrons to 4-5 per Myr in the present. Typically, these reversals have an asymmetric, saw-toothed shape. Recently, a bimodal distribution of the dipole moment has been observed with two peaks at about 4 x 10^22 (Am)^2 and at about twice that value. In an attempt to identify the basic mechanism of such reversals, we study a mean-field dynamo model with a spherically symmetric helical turbulence parameter alpha which is quenched by the magnetic energy and disturbed by additional noise. The basic features of geomagnetic polarity reversals are shown to be generic consequences of the dynamo action in the vicinity of branching points of the spectrum of the dynamo operator where two real eigenvalues coalesce and continue as complex conjugated pair of eigenvalues. The model yields long periods of constant polarity which are interrupted by asymmtric polarity reversals. In certain parameter regions, it exhibits a bimodal field distribution, and it gives a natural explanation of the correlation between polarity persistence time and field strength. Typical features of coherence resonance are identified in the dependence of the polarity persistence time on the noise.

Eine in ruhendem Wasser aufsteigende Luftblase wird parallel zur Wasseroberfläche in zwei zueinander senkrechte horizontale Richtungen parallel projiziert. Diese beiden Projektionen werden zunächst als Ellipsen approximiert. Anhand der Ellipsen wird die Blase dann als Rotationsellipsoid modelliert. Das Rotationsellipsoid eignet sich zur Analyse des Verhaltens von Blasen auf ihrem Weg durch das Wasser. Dies wird an einem Ensemble schraubenartig aufsteigender Blasen verdeutlicht.

An air bubble rising in resting water is imaged by a parallel projection in two perpendicular horizontal directions. Initially, these two projections are approximated by ellipses. In the next step, the bubble is modelled as a spheroid matching the ellipses. The resulting spheroid is suitable to analyse the orientation of the symmetry axis of the bubble during its propagation through the liquid phase. The capabilities of the method is illustrated on an ensemble of bubbles rising on a helical trajectory.

A SiC/SiC composite is characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and various positron spectroscopies (slow positron implantation, positron lifetime, re-emission). It is found that beside its main constituent 3C-SiC the composite still must contain some graphite. In order to better interpret the experimental findings of the composite, a pyrolytic graphite sample was also investigated by slow positron implantation and positron lifetime spectroscopies. In addition, theoretical calculations of positron properties of graphite are presented.

Results from coincidence Doppler broadening measurements on various Si samples and Brazilian quartz having low quartz structure are presented with the aim to give further strong evidence for the existence of a low quartz structure, but not Si divacancies, at the SiO2/Si interface.

We developed a new method for the three-dimensional modeling of Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectra, which is suited to extract the local structure of aqueous metal complexes from spectral mixtures of several components. The new method combines two techniques: Monte Carlo simulation and Target Transformation Factor Analysis (TFA). Monte Carlo simulation is used to create random arrangements between the X-ray absorbing metal ion and the ligand atoms, and to calculate the theoretical EXAFS spectrum of each arrangement. The theoretical EXAFS spectrum is then introduced as test spectrum in the TFA procedure, in order to test whether the test spectrum is likely a component of the spectral mixtures or not. This coupled procedure is repeated, until the error in the test spectrum is minimized. The new method is thus able to isolate and refine the structure of complexes from spectral mixtures and to determine their relative concentrations, based solely on an estimate of the ligand structure. The performance of the proposed method was validated using uranium LIII-edge EXAFS spectra of binary mixtures of two uranium(VI) 3,4-dihydoxy benzoic acid complexes.

In this article we will describe experiments at microkelvin temperatures which were performed to give - at least partly - answers to the following questions:

a. will all nonmagnetic metals become superconducting if refrigerated to low enough temperatures,
b. what is the impact of the weakest version of magnetism, nuclear magnetism, on superconductivity.

a. The first question has intrigued low temperature physicists since the discovery of superconductivity by H. Kamerlingh-Onnes in 1911. He wrote already in 1913 “There is left little doubt that if Au and Pt could be obtained absolutely pure, they could also pass into the superconducting state at helium temperatures”. And in 1929 W. Meissner wrote “At present it does not seem unlikely that, opposite to former expectations, all metals will become superconducting at low enough temperature”. One can pose the question in more general terms: “Is the electron-phonon interaction or another possible pairing mechanism in all metals strong enough so that they will eventually become superconducting, if this transition is not hindered by other phenomena, like magnetic properties?” After all, somehow the conduction electrons have to get rid of their entropy when approaching absolute zero, and one way is a transition to a superconducting state.

Looking at the periodic system of the elements, one realizes that superconductivity is rather the rule than the exception. Most metallic elements become superconducting if they show no magnetic order like some 3d- and 4f-elements. Even most insulators, like S or O, if forced into a metallic state by high pressure, eventually enter the superconducting state. When we started our research, there were only two small “islands” in the periodic system of the elements where metals had shown neither a superconducting nor a magnetic transition: some alkali and alkaline-earth metals and the noble and platinum metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Rh, Pd, Pt).

b. Superconductivity in its simplest version - s-wave, singlet pairing of conduction electrons mediated by electron-phonon interaction - is counteracted by magnetic interactions. This has been well demonstrated by the depression of the superconducting transition temperature when magnetic impurities are introduced. The large variety of “magnetic interactions” has varying impacts on superconductivity. The clearest demonstration of its detrimental impact is the vanishing of the superconducting state when a superconducting metal enters a ferromagnetic state. This was demonstrated in 1977 by Matthias et al. for ErRh₄B₄ and by Ishikawa and Fischer for HoMo₈S₈.

The weakest known version of magnetism is caused by the interaction of nuclear magnetic moments. Hence, it was a natural question to investigate the impact of nuclear ferromagnetism on superconductivity. This investigation became possible when we had observed a nuclear ferromagnetic transition of the superconductor AuIn₂ at 35 µK in 1994. The results of the investigation of the interplay between nuclear ferromagnetism and superconductivity in AuIn₂ - some of it are not yet understood - will be described in Sect. 5. Further investigations of the impact of nuclear paramagnetism in AuAl₂, Al, Sn, AuIn₂, In, Rh, as well as TiH_2+x on superconductivity are discussed in Sect. 6. In Sect. 7, a first study of the interplay of hyperfine enhanced nuclear magnetism and superconductivity is presented. Eventually, in Sect. 8, we will summarize our results.

The experiments described in this article have been performed at the Forschungszentrum (formerly: Kernforschungsanlage) Jülich and at the University of Bayreuth

We present a planar large-area photoconducting emitter for impulsive generation of terahertz (THz) radiation. The device consists of an interdigitated electrode metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure which is masked by a second metallization layer isolated from the MSM electrodes. The second layer blocks optical excitation in every second period of the MSM finger structure. Hence charge carriers are excited only in those periods of the MSM structure which exhibit a unidirectional electric field. Constructive interference of the THz emission from accelerated carriers leads to THz electric field amplitudes up to 85 V/cm when excited with fs optical pulses from a Ti:sapphire oscillator with an average power of 100 mW at a bias voltage of 65 V applied to the MSM structure. The proposed device structure has a large potential for large-area high-power THz emitters.

BaB₆ is a weakly ferromagnetic material with a Curie temperature TC well above room temperature. From the results of d.c. magnetization measurements on single crystalline BaB₆, the saturation magnetization at low temperatures is 8\times 10-4(\mu B/f.u.), in line with other weak ferromagnets of the hexaboride series. The ¹¹B-NMR spectra measured on a collection of single crystals of BaB₆ yield a quadrupolar frequency of 472 KHz, in good agreement with calculated field gradients for this type of materials. The central ¹¹B-NMR transition consists of two partially resolved signals, where the frequency displacement between them is of the order of 10 KHz. One of the signals exhibits a positive, the other a negative frequency shift, both of the order of 50 ppm. Between 7 K and room temperature these shifts do not vary with temperature. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate T₁ ^-1(T) at the B sites is similar to that of other alkaline-earth hexaborides.

We report results of DC-magnetization and ¹¹B-NMR measurements on single crystalline YbB₆. The magnetization data at temperatures between 4 and 300 K reveal weak ferromagnetic order with a T _C>300 K. It involves very small ordered moments, of the order of 0.002 µ_B/f.u., representing only a small fraction of the effective paramagnetic moment per formula unit that is indicated by the magnetic susceptibility. The latter can be accounted for by assuming that 2% of all the Yb atoms adopt the Yb⁺³ configuration. Since almost all the Yb ions adopt the divalent configuration one expects YbB₆ to be a poor metal.

The state-of-the-art interpretation of physical processes during post-implantation annealing, such as defect evolution, transient-enhanced dopant diffusion and dopant activation, assumes that ion implantation produces only single vacancies and self-interstitials, and that these are the only mobile intrinsic defects. Theoretical investigations show that both assumptions may be not correct. The talk presents results of comprehensive atomistic simulations on the properties of di- and tri-interstitials. It is focused on the migration of these defects and on the atomic mechanisms of the defect diffusion. The results of the atomistic simulations are compared with experimental data. The fact that the simulations predict a high di-interstitial mobility may lead to a re-interpretation of some experimental results.

The thermal conductivities of stoichiometric CaB6, vacancy-doped Ca_1-B₆, and EuB₆have been measured between 6 and 300 K. All our data may be rather well described across the entire temperature regime covered on the basis of a Debye-type relaxation-time approximation and by assuming the concurring influence of various scattering channels on the mean free path of the phonons. An unusual and strong resonance in the scattering rate of the phonons of all investigated materials is attributed to a strong interaction between acoustic itinerant and localized modes, the latter arising from oscillations of the metal cations around their equilibrium position.

We report observation of the specific heat anomaly within the superconducting state of the heavy fermion CeCoIn₅. It appears in the vicinity of the superconducting critical field H _c2, where the superconducting transition changes from second to first order, above 10 T for H || [1 1 0] and H || [1 0 0], and above 4.7 T for H || [0 0 1], and at temperatures on the order of 0.1Tc. We interpret the anomaly within the superconducting state as a signature of a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov FFLO inhomogeneous superconducting state.

We present specific heat data for the heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn₅ close to the upper critical field H _c2 for magnetic fields applied along the [1 0 0] crystallographic axis. For fields above 10 T, the superconducting phase transition becomes first-order. In the same field range, we observe a second specific heat anomaly within the superconducting state, which we attribute to a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state.

Magnetic enhancement of superconductivity

The phase diagram of FeSi_1-xGe_x, obtained from magnetic, thermal, and transport measurements on single crystals, shows a discontinuous transition from Kondo insulator to ferromagnetic metal with x at a critical concentration, x _c ≈ 0.25. The gap of the insulating phase strongly decreases with x. The specific heat γ coefficient appears to track the density of states of a Kondo insulator. The phase diagram is consistent with an insulator-metal transition induced by a reduction of the hybridization with x in conjunction with disorder on the Si=Ge ligand site

We report specific heat measurements of the heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn₅ in the vicinity of
the superconducting critical field H _c2, with magnetic fields in the [110], [100], and [001] directions, and at temperatures down to 50 mK. The superconducting phase transition changes from second to first
order for fields above 10 T for H ║ [110] and H ║ [100]. In the same range of magnetic fields, we observe
a second specific heat anomaly within the superconducting state. We interpret this anomaly as a
signature of a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) inhomogeneous superconducting state. We obtain similar results for H ║ [100], with the FFLO state occupying a smaller part of the phase
diagram.

We measured the specific heat and resistivity of heavy fermion CeCoIn₅ between the superconducting critical field _c2 = 5 T and 9 T, with the field in the [001] direction, and at temperatures down to 50 mK. At 5 T the data show a non-Fermi liquid (NFL) behavior down to the lowest temperatures. At the field above 8 T the data exhibit a crossover from the Fermi liquid to a non-Fermi liquid behavior. We analyzed the scaling properties of the specific heat and compared both the resistivity and the specific heat with the predictions of a spin-fluctuation theory. Our analysis leads us to suggest that the NFL behavior is due to incipient antiferromagnetism (AFM) in CeCoIn₅ with the quantum critical point in the vicinity of H_c2. Below H_c2 the AFM phase which competes with the paramagnetic ground state is superseded by the superconducting transition.

We have measured the magneto-optical Kerr rotation of ferromagnetic Eu_1-xCa_xB₆ with x=0.2 and 0.4, as well as of YbB₆ serving as the nonmagnetic reference material. As previously for EuB₆, we could identify a feature at 1 eV in the Kerr response which is related with electronic transitions involving the localized 4 f electron states. The absence of this feature in the data for YbB₆ confirms the relevance of the partially occupied 4 f states in shaping the magneto-optical features of Eu-based hexaborides. Disorder by Ca-doping broadens the itinerant charge carrier contribution to the magneto-optical spectra.

We have measured the optical reflectivity R(ω) of Eu_0.6Ca_0.4B₆ as a function of temperature (T) between 1.5 and 300 K and in external magnetic fields (H) up to 7 T. R(ω) increases with decreasing T and increasing H field, but the plasma edge feature does not exhibit the sharp onset and steep slope that is observed in EuB₆. The analysis of the H-field dependence of the low-T optical conductivity confirms the previously observed exponential decrease of the electrical resistivity upon increasing bulk magnetization at constant T. The individual exponential magnetization dependences of the plasma frequency and scattering rate are also extracted from the optical data.

We have combined the results of magnetization and Hall effect measurements to conclude that the ferromagnetic moments of lightly doped CaB₆ samples display no systematic variation with electron doping level.
Removal of the surface with acid etching substantially reduces the measured moment, although the Hall constant and resistivity are unaffected, indicating that the ferromagnetism largely resides on and near the sample surface. Electron microprobe experiments reveal that Fe and Ni are found at the edges of facets and growth steps, and on other surface features introduced during growth. Our results indicate that the weak ferromagnetism previously reported in undoped CaB₆ is most likely of extrinsic origin.

The specific heat and electrical resistivity of Sr₃Ru₂O₇ single crystals are measured in several magnetic
fields applied along the c axis for temperatures below 2 K and at fields up to 17 T. Near the critical metamagnetic
field at B ₁ ^*~7.8 T, the electronic specific heat divided by temperature increases logarithmically as the
temperature decreases, over a large range of T, before saturating below a certain T* (which is sample dependent),
indicating a crossover from a non-Fermi liquid (NFL) region dominated by quantum critical fluctuations
to a Fermi liquid (FL) region. This crossover from a NFL to a FL state is also observed in the resistivity data
near the critical metamagnetic field for I║c and B║c. The coefficient of electronic specific heat, γ, plotted as a
function of field shows two peaks, consistent with the two metamagnetic transitions observed in magnetization
and magnetic torque measurements. At the lowest temperatures, a Schottky-like upturn with decreasing temperature
is observed. The coefficient of the Schottky anomaly exhibits a field dependence similar to that of γ,
implying an influence by the electrons near the Fermi surface on the Schottky level splitting.

We have measured the thermal conductivity of the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn₅ in the vicinity of the upper critical field, with the magnetic field perpendicular to the c axis. Thermal conductivity displays a discontinuous jump at the superconducting phase boundary below critical temperature T ₀≈1 K, indicating a change from a second- to first-order transition and confirming the recent results of specific heat measurements on CeCoIn₅. In addition, the thermal conductivity data as a function of field display a kink at a field H_k below the superconducting critical field, which closely coincides with the recently discovered anomaly in specific heat, tentatively identified with the appearance of the spatially inhomogeneous Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) superconducting state. Our results indicate that the thermal conductivity is enhanced within the FFLO state, and call for further theoretical investigations of the order parameter’s real-space structure (and, in particular, the structure of vortices) and of the thermal transport within the inhomogeneous FFLO state.

Upon substituting Ca for Eu in the local-moment ferromagnet EuB₆, the Curie temperature T_C
decreases substantially with increasing dilution of the magnetic sublattice and is completely suppressed
for x ≤0:3. The Ca substitution leads to significant changes of the electronic properties across the
Eu _x Ca_1-x B₆ series. Electron microscopy data for x ≈ 0.27 indicate a phase separation into Eu- and
Ca-rich clusters of 5 to 10 nm diameter, leading to percolation-type phenomena in the electrical
transport properties. The related critical concentration x _p is approximately 0.3. For x ≈ 0.27, we
observe colossal negative magnetoresistance effects at low temperatures, similar in magnitude as those
reported for manganese oxides.

We present a specific heat and resistivity study of CeIrIn₅ in magnetic fields up to 17 T and temperature down to 50 mK. Both quantities were measured with the magnetic field parallel to the c axis (H║[001]) and within the a-b plane (H┴[001]). Non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior develops above 12 T for H║[001]. The Fermi-liquid state is much more robust for H║[001] and is suppressed only moderately at the highest applied field. Based on the observed trends and the proximity to a metamagnetic phase transition, which exists at fields above 25 T for H║[001], we suggest that the observed NFL behavior in CeIrIn₅ is a consequence of a metamagnetic quantum critical point.

At present, the GDT facility of the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk is being upgraded. The first stage of the upgrade is the Synthesized Hot Ion Plasmoid (SHIP) experiment. It aims, on the one hand, at the investigation of plasmas the parameters of which are expected to appear in the region of high neutron production in a GDT based fusion neutron source as proposed by the Budker Institute and, on the other hand, at the investigation of plasmas the parameters of which have never been achieved before in magnetic mirrors.
The experiment is performed in a small mirror section which is installed at the end of one side of GDT. The magnetic field on axis is in the range of 0.5-20 Tesla and the mirror ratio is 1.2-1.4. The mirror is filled with background plasma streaming in from the central cell. This plasma component is maxwellized and has an electron temperature of about 100 eV. Two neutral beam injectors perpendicularly inject a total current of about 50 Atom Amperes of deuterium neutrals with an energy of 20 keV
as a pulse with a duration of about 1 ms. Ionization of the beams generates the high-energy ion component. The device has been equipped with several diagnostic methods which are successfully used in GDT experiments.
The paper presents first results of plasma parameter measurements in the SHIP experiment.

Using magnetron sputter deposition a number of glass/Ta 7nm/PtMn 20nm/CoFe 4nm/Ta 4nm samples with large exchange bias field were prepared for magnetic pattering investigations. By means of optical lithography and physical etching several patterns with decreasing lateral sizes of either the elements or the spacing between the elements were prepared. The largest square is 50 x 50 µm2 and the smallest only 1 µm2. The separating lines range from 10 µm to 2 µm width. The magnetic characterization of the samples was done by VSM and MOKE. Kerr microscopy and MFM investigations in an applied magnetic field have been performed in order to get a deeper understanding of the domain pattern. All images show a monodomain magnetization state in zero magnetic field. The shape of the structure itself dose not influence the magnetization direction. The shape anisotropy contribution is thus smaller than the unidirectional anisotropy given by the exchange bias. In addition 5 keV He+ ion irradiation was used to decrease exchange bias field value and thereby modify the ratio between unidirectional and shape anisotropy. The magnetic domain structure is investigated as a function of this ratio.

The effect of magnetic fields on momentum and mass transfer in electrochemical processes has been studied by means of Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV), shadowgraphy and mean current
density measurements.

Chronoamperometric copper electrolysis was carried out in a small electrolytic cell (29x46x6 mm) made mainly from PMMA. The sidewalls forming the vertical electrodes consist of thin copper plates behind
which permanent magnets could be fixed. The Lorentz force generated from the faradaic currents and the permanent magnets field has been always parallel to the electrodes. Depending on the orientation of the magnets, downwards or upwards directed Lorentz forces could be generated.

The moderate magnetic field of permanent magnets placed behind the electrodes, although its action is limited to the vicinity of the electrodes, is able to promote convection in the whole cell. Flow
structures measured by DPIV compare very well with the patterns of the concentration field given by shadography. Steady state limiting current densities as well as initially instationary current density
values can be explained by the corresponding velocity measurements. It will be shown that the interplay of Lorentz and buoyancy forces is substantial for the resulting flow structure.

In recent experiments, on-axis transverse beta exceeding 0.4 in the fast ion turning points near the end mirrors has been achieved in the GDT experiment with 4 MW injection of 15-17 keV deuterium neutral beams at the center of the device. Neither enhanced transverse losses of the plasma nor anomalies in the fast ion scattering and slowing down were observed. The measured beta value is close to that needed in the versions of the GDT based 14 MeV neutron source. At the same time, the electron
temperature for given injection power and pulse duration is limited to 100-130 eV. Its further increase is planned after upgrading the injection system and increasing the magnetic field at the center of the device up to 0.3 T. The upgrade of the injection system assumes that the neutral beam power incident on the plasma will be increased up to 9-10 MW and the pulse duration is extended from 1.2 to 5 ms. According to the results
of numerical simulations, for the extended pulse duration
a plasma steady state will be achieved with electron temperature of 250-320 eV depending upon the assumptions on the transverse energy loss rate. Future experiments at the GDT upgrade are discussed in the paper.

The remarkable phenomenon of weak magnetization hysteresis loops, observed recently deep in the vortex-liquid state of a nearly two-dimensional (:213) superconductor at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, is shown to reflect the existence of an unusual vortex-liquid state, consisting of collectively pinned crystallites of easily sliding vortex chains.

We report on a detailed investigation of the pressure-dependent structural and electronic properties close to the pres-sure-induced metal-insulator transition of the quasi-two-dimensional organic superconductor beta"-(BEDT-TTF)₂SF₅CH₂CF₂SO₃, where BEDT-TTF stand for bisethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene (or ET for short). Although the pressure-dependent hysteresis of the metal-insulator transition suggests a structural origin, no major crystallo-graphic modifications could be detected by neutron-scattering experiments. Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) experiments, on the other hand, show that a reconstructed band structure precedes the phase transition to the insulating state. A new SdH frequency with a rather small effective mass appears.

Electrical-transport measurements of the semimetal CeBiPt in magnetic fields up to 60 T reveal a drastic change of the electronic band structure. The oscillating Shubnikov-de Haas signal vanishes above about 25 T although the quantum limit is not yet reached. Above this field the magneto resistance rises strongly independent of angle and temperature. These unique features are caused by the Cc 4f electrons as evidenced by the absence of any unconventional behavior in the sister compound LaBiPt.

Theoretical calculations of rotating N approximate to Z nuclei with A = 58 - 80 within the cranked Nilsson+Strutinsky approach, cranked relativistic mean field and cranked relativistic Hartree+Bogoliubov theories show good agreement with experiment. They point on the presence of the isovector t = 1 np-pairing, but do not show any indications of the isoscalar t = 0 np-pairing.

Knowledge of the influence of nuclear shell structure on the survival probability of heavy compound nuclei against fission is important for a quantitative understanding of the production rates of spherical super-heavy elements (SHE). Fission probabilities of N = 126 isotones beyond astatine can be used as test cases for the production of spherical super-heavy elements, as those isotones possess a strong shell correction energy and are highly fissile. Here, we report on two new experimental approaches which probe the effect of the closed neutron shell at N = 126 on the competition between fission and particle evaporation using projectile fragmentation and electromagnetic-induced fission of radioactive beams. We conclude that these nuclei lose at least a great part of their stability against fission at low excitation energies and angular momenta-mostly due to the influence of collective contributions in the level density. Implications on the production of spherical SHE will be!
discussed.

We present new measurements of the Be-7(p,gamma)B-8 cross section from (E) over bar (cm) = 116 to 2460 keV. Our new measurements lead to S-17(0) = 22.1 +/- 0.6(expt) +/- 0.6(theor) eV b based on data from (E) over bar (cm) = 116 to 362 keV, where the central value is based on the theory of Descouvemont and Baye. We compare our results to other S-17(0) values extracted from both direct (Be-7(p, gamma)B-8) and indirect (Coulomb dissociation and heavy-ion reaction) measurements, and show that the results of these 3 types of experiments are not mutually compatible. We recommend a "best" value, S-17(0) = 21.4 +/- 0.5(expt) +/- 0.6(theor) eV b, based on the mean of all modern direct measurements below the 1(+) resonance.

Thin beta-FeSi2 layers have been prepared by ion beam synthesis (IBS) on (111)Si substrates. The obtained samples have been characterized by means of infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The infrared (IR) transmittance spectra show the absorption at 310 cm(-1) as an indication of the initial nucleation of beta-FeSi2 precipitates during the implantation of iron into silicon substrate. The main feature of the photoluminescence (PL) measurements at 12 K in the beta-FeSi2/(111)Si samples annealed at 850 degreesC for 90 min is an intense peak localized at 0.811 eV. This peak is assigned to optical radiative transitions intrinsic to beta-FeSi2. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrons confined in a flat semiconductor quantum dot with a parabolic in-plane potential act like a collective many-particle oscillator under coherent intraband excitation. We investigate theoretically the properties of these oscillators under a simultaneous scale transformation of the lateral dimensions and the electron occupation number. As the lateral size increases from a few nm (typical for self-assembled dots) to the mesoscopic regime, the physics of the system is changing qualitatively: Quantization effects gradually lose importance against Coulomb interactions and eventually the electron lake in a mesoscopic dot resembles a classical Wigner liquid. This parabolically confined "Wigner lake" behaves to the outside like a form-elastic "superparticle" of high charge. It can be coherently controlled by THz dipole radiation just like a single electron, but with reduced Brownian diffusion in the phonon heat bath. We propose a flexible method to fabricate single mesoscopic!
dots of a controlled shape, Coulomb-coupled groups of dots, and almost arbitrary potential landscapes, using current semiconductor technology. As a first example, the collective modes of two Coulomb-coupled superparticles in neighboring dots are calculated. Also, we consider the possibility of steering a superparticle with shaped laser pulses to follow any complex two-dimensional orbit.

We investigate numerically the transition to turbulence in a flat-plate boundary layer controlled by electromagnetic forces. The fluid considered is incompressible, Newtonian and low conductive. Similar to boundary layer suction, when applying a steady, wall-parallel, and streamwise orientated Lorentz force, (as suggested by Gailitis and Lielausis [1] in the early 1960s) the Blasius velocity profile is transformed to an exponential one gaining a critical Reynolds number which is increased by two orders of magnitude.

Two and three dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) of both linear and nonlinear stages of the transition process were performed, as well as alinear stability analysis (LSA) of the calculated intermediate velocity profiles. DNS and preliminary LSA results confirm the expected increased stability of the controlled flow. Depending on Lorentz force strength transition to turbulence is delayed or even stopped. Suprisingly, both DNS and LSA results suggest interesting stability characteristics of the intermediate velocity profiles.

In DNS, to initiate transition, small amplitude disturbances are introduced by means of an oscillating body force within a small region near the inflow boundary, forming Tollmien-Schlichting waves (TSW) which grow and decay in uncontrolled case corresponging to linear stability theory. When applying Lorentz force, TSW of all investigated frequencies 0.4 <= F+ <= 3.75 are damped within the computational domain extending over 900 times the inflow displacement thickness d1i. Reynolds number, based on d1i, is 360. The decay rate based on the maximum rms value in wall-normal direction of the streamwise velocity component, is maximum in a region near the onset of control and decreases as the velocity profile approaches the exponential state. This observation could suggest that in the intermediate region there are profiles more stable than the exponential one, although we are aware that from these decay rates one cannot conclude directly the stability of a velocity profile, notably its critical reynolds number. However, our assumption is confirmed by preliminary LSA results where critical Reynolds numbers of intermediate profiles are found to be larger than for the exponential profile.

By three dimensional DNS we show that transition to turbulence can be stopped even in it's late stage. While the evolution of Lambda vorticies from former two dimensional TSW remains almost unchanged, the emerge of Omega vorticies is supressed with increasing Lorentz force strength, thus relaminarizing the flow.

[1] A. Gailitis, O. Lielausis: On a possibility to reduce the hydrodynamic resistance of a plate in an electrolyte. Applied Magnetohydrodynamics, Reports of the Physics Institute Riga, Vol. 12, pp. 143-146, 1961

During reactive sputter deposition, target "poisoning", i.e. the formation of a compound layer at the target surface, may reduce the sputter erosion rate substantially and thereby represent a major limitation to achieve high deposition rates. In order to investigate the formation of the poisoned layer, the TRIDYN program has been employed to simulate the processes that take place at the target surface during sputtering at ion energies which are typical for a magnetron discharge, in a typical gas mixture of Ar with a small (<10%) addition of a reactive gas (e.g. oxygen). The bulk of the sputtering results from Ar ion bombardment, while the reactive gas ions contribute to compound formation due to implantation into the subsurface layer. In addition, reactive gas molecules are adsorbed on the surface and react with target metal atoms to add to the formation of the compound layer. Thus, both chemisorption and ion implantation of energetic reactive ions are the two main mechanism! s for the formation of the poisoned layer.TRIDYN simulations have been performed at varying reactive ion to total ion flux ratio, and at varying ion to reactive neutral flux ratio, for fluences which are sufficiently large to achieve a stationary deposition/erosion balance. The results illustrate that the two mechanisms will generate almost identical shapes of the poisoned layer. They also demonstrate the significance of recoil implantation from the chemisorbed layer for the formation of the compound layer. In agreement with experimental findings, the calculated sputter erosion rate of the target is predicted to decrease monotonically as the partial pressure of the reactive gas increases. The shape of the sputter erosion curve hardly changes between conditions dominated by ion implantation or chemisorption. We therefore conclude that ion implantation basically acts as an additional source of reactive atoms to the target surface.

Background
Bacteria play an important role in biogeochemical transformations and migration of uranium (U) in nature. In order to understand how U(VI) interacts with natural bacterial communities of U mining waste piles a series of microcosm experiments was performed.
Methods
Several portions of a solid sample collected from the U mining waste pile near the city of Johanngeorgenstadt in Germany were supplemented with different amounts of U(VI), starting from the original 40 mg U/kg up to 300 mg/kg.
The solubility of the U originally present and of the added U was assessed by selective sequential extraction (SSE). The composition of bacterial communities present in the original and in the supplemented with U samples was analyzed applying 16S rDNA retrieval by using 43F and 1404R degenerated primers.
Results
SSE analysis demonstrated that in the original sample the main part of uranium was strongly bound in mineral phases. The bacterial community of this sample was predominated by Alphaproteobacteria and by representatives of Holophaga /Acidobacterium phylum.
The bacterial community structure of the sample was noticeable changed by increasing its U content to 100 mg/kg . No Holophaga/Acidobacterium and only a few representatives of Alphaproteobacteria were retrieved in this sample. Instead, a large number of sequences of mainly Gamma-Pseudomonas, and of Arthrobacter sp. were found. The propagation of several populations of Deltaproteobacteria and especially of Geobacter sp. was induced in the sample as well. After 4 weeks of incubation, most of the U added to this sample was still only weakly complexed.
The bacterial community structure of the most contaminated sample, containing 300 mg U/kg, differed significantly from the two samples described above and depended on the aeration conditions during the incubation. In this sample the number of 16S rDNA sequences representing Cytophaga/Flavobacterium /Bacteroides group was extremely high. Arthrobacter sp. populations were also identified but not as strongly predominant.
Conclusions
The addition of U(VI) to a low contaminated U mining waste sample induces significant shifting in the indigenous bacterial populations. The effect of the added U(VI)seems to depend on its amount and on the redox conditions.

Background
Microorganisms strongly influence the migration of radionuclides in the environment. For this reason analysis of natural bacterial and archaeal communities near radioactive wastes deposition sites is of great importance for risk assessments. In this study diversity was studied of the microorganisms indigenous for a monitoring well near the radioactive waste injection site Tomst-7 in Siberia. In addition, interactions of several bacterial isolates from this site with uranium and other metals was investigated.
Methods
Microbial diversity was studied applying the 16S rDNA7F-1513F for bacteria and 16S rDNA21f-958R for archaea. The diversity of the autotrophic bacteria was estimated by direct analysis of different RubisCO gene forms. Oligotrophic bacteria were cultured in low nutrient R2A medium. Interactions of the cultured bacterial isolates with U, Ni, Pb, As, and other metals were studied by using ICP-MS, flow cytometry and X-ray spectroscopic analyses.
Results
Our analyses demonstrated presence of a large number of diverse bacterial and archaeal groups at a depth of about 300m at the Siberian depository site Tomsk-7 where the radioactive wastes were injected. The most predominant bacterial populations were those of Betaproteobacteria mainly from the Rhodocyclus group, of Citophaga/Flavo-bacterium/Bacteroides, and of several novel “Cyanobacteria-like” groups. The RubisCO approach confirmed the Betaproteobacterial predominance in the samples studied.
Bacterial isolates were cultured from the samples belonging to Sphingomonas sp., Brevundimonas sp., Methylobacter sp., and a large microdiverse group of Actinobacteria closely related to Microbacterium oxydans. They tolerated U and other heavy metals in a species- and even strain-specific way. EXAFS analyses demonstrated that the isolates of Microbacterium sp. and of Sphingomonas sp. are complexing U(VI) at pH 4.5 via phosphorus (P) in a form of meta-autunite. The latter was connected to the liberation of inorganic phosphate by these strains due to their exo-phosphatase activity. At lower pH values the U is bound to organic phosphate residues.
Conclusions
The environment around the radioactive waste injection site Tomsk-7 possesses a large variety of microorganisms with a potential to bind and possibly transport radionuclides.

Deep level defects E1/E2 were observed in He-implanted, 0.3 and 1.7 MeV electron-irradiated n-type 6H-SiC. Similar to others' results, the behaviors of E-1 and E-2 (like the peak intensity ratio, the annealing behaviors or the introduction rates) often varied from sample to sample. This anomalous result is not expected of E-1/E-2 being usually considered arising from the same defect located at the cubic and hexagonal sites respectively. The present study shows that this anomaly is due to another DLTS peak overlapping with the E-1/E-2. The activation energy and the capture cross section of this defect are E-C-0.31 eV and sigma similar to 8 x 10(-11) cm(2), respectively.

Lorentz forces on the suction side flow of NACA 0015 and PTL IV hydrofoils is investigated experimentally. Emphasis is placed on separation control. Steady as well as time periodic Lorentz forces will be discussed. Their effect is compared mainly in respect of the attainable increase of the maximum lift and in terms of power consumption.

I will discuss two recent advances related to semiconductor light sources in the infrared and THz regions. One example is a quantum cascade laser operating at a wavelength shorter than 4 microns above room temperature with high peak power. It is based on strained InGaAs/InAlAs on InP, with the addition of high barriers of pure AlAs for better confinement and strain compensation. In a novel few-cycle THz emitter we try to combine the advantages of the high electric bias field in photoconductive antennas with a large active area. This is achieved with an interdigitated electrode structure, partially covered in order to mask one field polarity. As a result no destructive interference of the emitted THz wave occurs, which allows upscaling of the device area.

Recent developments at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory

We are building a user facility for experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden. Based on the experience obtained since 1999 from a pilot pulsed field laboratory with a 1 MJ / 10 kV capacitor bank and magnets for the field range up to 60 T at the IFW, the new large scale facility will be built until 2006. It will comprise a new laboratory building, a 50 MJ / 24 kV capacitor bank, and high performance experimental equipment including various pulsed magnets for the field range up to 100 T / 10 ms. In order to offer a wide spectrum of experimental possibilities, the pulsed field magnets are planned with various bore diameters (up to 50 mm) and various pulse times (10 ms to 1 s). As a unique opportunity, infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 5 and 150 µm will be possible at high magnetic fields by connecting the pulsed field lab to the free-electron-lasers of the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE of the FZR. The german Wissenschaftsrat has recently recommended the Dresden High Field Project without any hesitation. The project is a joint effort of the FZR, the IFW, the Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Physik fester Stoffe, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, and the Institut für Angewandte Physik of the TU Dresden.

The radiosynthesis and the radiopharmacological evaluation of pyrazolo steroid 2´-(4-fluorophenyl)-21-[¹⁸F]fluoro-20-oxo-11β,17α-dihydroxy-pregn-4-eno[3,2-c]pyrazole [¹⁸F]-2 is described. The radiolabeling was accomplished in 3 - 4 % decay-corrected radiochemical yield within 80 min at an specific radioactivity of 0.8-1.2 Ci/μmol. Biodistribution studies in male Wistar rats showed an initial brain uptake of 0.25 ± 0.03 % ID/g after 5 min, which remained constant over 60 min. The radiopharmacological evaluation of compound [¹⁸F]-2 was completed with autoradiography using rat brain sections and micro-PET imaging.

Further developments for the Dresden High Field Laboratory

In order to design and optimize pulsed field coils, their current leads, and in particular their reinforcement, we currently test commercial Finite Element software of various suppliers. We concentrate on these programs which have implemented so called "multiphysics modules" which are able to solve combined problems as they typically occur in high field techniques: e.g. calculation of the magnetic field from a current distribution along with the resulting Lorentz forces, stresses, dislocations etc.. In detail, we focus on the programs ANSYS, ANSOFT, as well as FEMLAB. We like to give a brief survey of their usefulness, perspectives, and last but not least, of their cost.

In the frame of the high field project Dresden, a new building to be constructed at the research center Rossendorf is in its design phase. The HLD building will be located near the IR-free electron lasers of the superconducting linear accelerator ELBE in order to provide the possibility of IR spectroscopy in high pulsed magnetic fields. Following the present plans, five magnet cells for pulsed magnets, preparation rooms, a lab for superconducting magnets and four labs for accompanying experiments are located around a central room which houses the capacitor bank. In addition, a workshop, stores, and a technical section on one side, as well as the offices for stuff and guests and a control room on the other side are located in separate sections. We present the plans emphasising the ability and the safety items in order to get your feedback.

The novel 2-mercaptoimidazolde derivatives, 1-[4-((2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)-butyl]-2-mercaptoimidazolde (3) and methyl[4-((2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl))butyl] (2-mercapto-1-methylimidazol-5-yl)methanamide (8), were efficiently labelled with ¹¹C through methylation of the thioketone function with [¹¹C]methyl iodide. The resulting radioligands 1-[4-((2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl))butyl]-2-thio[¹¹C]-methylimidazole ([¹¹C]9) and methyl [4-((2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl))butyl] (2-thio[¹¹C]methyl-1-methylimidazol-5-yl)-methanamide ([¹¹C]10) were synthesized in radiochemical yields of 20 - 30 % (decay-corrected, related to [¹¹C]CO₂) at a specific radioactivity of 0.2-0.4 Ci/μmol within 40-45 min including HPLC-purification. The radiochemical purity exceeded 99 %. The reference compounds 9 and 10 were tested in a competitive receptor binding assay to determine their affinity toward the 5-HT_1A recptor. Both compounds exhibit excellent sub-nanomolar affinities (IC₅₀ = 0.576 ± 0.008 nM (9); IC₅₀ = 0.86 ± 0.02 nM (10)) for the 5-HT_1A receptor while displaying a high selectivity towards the 5-HT_2A subtype of receptors (IC₅₀ > 480 nM). By contrast, compound 9 also shows substantial binding for the alpha-adrenergic receptor (IC₅₀ = 3.00 ± 0.02 nM) when compared with compound 10 (IC₅₀ = 54.5 ± 0.6 nM). Preliminary biodistribution studies in rats showed an initial brain uptake of 1.14 ± 0.11 and 0.37 ± 0.04 % ID/g after 5 min, which decreased to 0.18 ± 0.04 and 0.16 ± 0.01 % ID/g after 60 min for compounds [¹¹C]9 and [¹¹C]10, respectively. For both compounds, the cerebellum and rest of the brain uptake are very similar at the different time points. Unlike [¹¹C]9, the radioligand [¹¹C]10 has significant uptake and retention in the adrenal glands. Due to their washout from the brain compounds [¹¹C]9 and [¹¹C]10 seem not to be good condidates as radioligands for imaging 5-HT_1A receptors by PET.

A new facility for experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields is under construction at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf in Dresden, Germany. Its heart will be a modular 50 MJ / 24 kV capacitor bank in a new laboratory. In order to offer a wide spectrum of experimental possibilities, pulsed field coils are planned in the parameter range 60 T, 50 mm, 1s to 100 T, 20 mm, 0.01 s for maximum field, bore, and pulse duration. Experience in the construction of the pulsed capacitive power supply as well as in the experimental equipment has been gained from a pilot laboratory at the IFW since 1999. The pulsed magnets will be complemented by commercial superconducting magnets for dc fields up to 20 T. Besides many other experimental possibilities, as a unique opportunity, infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 5 and 150 µm will be possible in pulsed fields by connecting the pulsed field lab to the new free-electron-lasers of the neighbouring superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE of the FZR.
The laboratory building will be completed in 2004. The 50 MJ power supply can be partly used in 2005 and will be fully operational by 2006. First pulsed test coils have already been built and will be tested in 2004 by the 1.44 MJ / 24 kV pilot power supply manufactured at FZR. The user coils as well as the experimental equipment will be installed in 2006, so that the facility can open its doors as a user laboratory in 2007.

* The HLD project has been jointly submitted for funding by the FZR, the Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung IFW, the Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Physik fester Stoffe, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, and the Institut für Angewandte Physik of the Technische Universität Dresden. It is jointly funded for installation by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung of Germany and the Sächsische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst in the years 2003 to 2006.

We present measurements of the dc magnetization M(B) of van Vleck paramagnets, e.g. PrNi₅, at high magnetic fields up to B = 60 T. At low fields up to 10 T, we observe magnetizations which increase linearly with the applied field. Beyond 10 T, the magnetizations start to become nonlinear as the result of the shifts of the energy levels of the crystalline electrical field (CEF) states of the 4f-Pr³⁺ electrons through the external field. A significant change of slope of the magnetization M(B) as well as of the corresponding susceptibility dM/dB occurs in PrNi5 at B = 20 T which can be explained by a level crossing of the two lowest singlet CEF states. We compare our data to calculations from a point charge model.

We are building a user facility for experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden. Based on the experience obtained since 1999 from a pilot pulsed field laboratory with a 1 MJ / 10 kV capacitor bank and magnets for the field range up to 60 T at the IFW, the new large scale facility will be built until 2006. It will comprise a new laboratory building, a 50 MJ / 24 kV capacitor bank, and high performance experimental equipment including various pulsed magnets for the field range up to 100 T / 10 ms. In order to offer a wide spectrum of experimental possibilities, the pulsed field magnets are planned with various bore diameters (up to 50 mm) and various pulse times (10 ms to 1 s). As a unique opportunity, infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 5 and 150 µm will be possible at high magnetic fields by connecting the pulsed field lab to the free-electron-lasers of the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE of the FZR. The german Wissenschaftsrat has recently recommended the Dresden High Field Project without any hesitation. The project is a joint effort of the FZR, the IFW, the Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Physik fester Stoffe, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, and the Institut für Angewandte Physik of the TU Dresden.

We are building a user facility for experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden. Based on the experience obtained since 1999 from a pilot pulsed field laboratory with a 1 MJ / 10 kV capacitor bank and magnets for the field range up to 60 T at the IFW, the new large scale facility will be built until 2006. It will comprise a new laboratory building, a 50 MJ / 24 kV capacitor bank, and high performance experimental equipment including various pulsed magnets for the field range up to 100 T / 10 ms. In order to offer a wide spectrum of experimental possibilities, the pulsed field magnets are planned with various bore diameters (up to 50 mm) and various pulse times (10 ms to 1 s). As a unique opportunity, infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 5 and 150 µm will be possible at high magnetic fields by connecting the pulsed field lab to the free-electron-lasers of the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE of the FZR. The german Wissenschaftsrat has recently recommended the Dresden High Field Project without any hesitation. The project is a joint effort of the FZR, the IFW, the Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Physik fester Stoffe, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, and the Institut für Angewandte Physik of the TU Dresden.

Since the first experimental finding of a competition between nuclear magnetism and superconductivity in the nuclear ferromagnet AuIn2, investigations have been extended to Al, Sn, Rh, In, AuAl₂, and very recently to Pr_1-xLa_xTe. The experiments have demonstrated that the contribution of nuclear magnetism to Cooper pair breaking is a common phenomenon. Even in a system with tiny nuclear magnetic moments (e.g. Sn), a reduction of the critical field B_c(T) has been detected at ultralow temperatures. In more detail, the observed influences of nuclear magnetism on superconductivity vary strongly with the size of hyperfine coupling, ranging between a tiny reduction of B_c(T) in the case of weak hyperfine coupling (AuAl₂) and the complete destruction of superconductivity in the opposite case of strongly coupled and hyperfine enhanced nuclear spin systems (e.g. Pr_0.50La_0.50Te). The hyperfine interaction appeares to be the dominant mechanism for the nuclear magnetic contribution to Cooper pair breaking.

In the course of our investigation of the heavy fermion compound CeCu₆,
we have recently performed measurements of the heat capacity as well as elastic neutron diffraction down to ultralow temperatures. In the last decade, various groups have investigated this compound by means of susceptibility, magnetization, nuclear quadrupole resonance, and thermal expansion as well. There is a strong evidence for a magnetic ordering transition at about 2.5 mK. Here we like to present our latest heat capacity data taken at 0.1 mK ≤ T ≤ 100 K as well as neutron diffraction data taken down to 15 mK. These results give further
hints for magnetic correlation effects in CeCu₆.

We have investigated the strongly correlated electronic and nuclear magnetic properties of the cubic Van Vleck paramagnets PrS, PrTe, and PrBi by means of SQUID magnetometry at 2 K≤T≤300 K as well as ac susceptometry at ultralow temperatures, 0.06 mK≤T ≤100 mK. We observe magnetic ordering transitions of the hyperfine enhanced magnetic moments of the ¹⁴¹Pr nuclei in all three compounds. Our ac susceptibility data taken at ultralow temperatures point to antiferromagnetic ground states. The observed Neel temperatures, T_N(PrS, PrTe, PrBi) = 0.09, 0.60, 1.20 mK, scale with the size of the Van Vleck susceptiblity and related hyperfine enhancement factor respectively. The nuclear fcc spin-5\2 antiferromagnets PrS, PrTe, and PrBi are promising candidates for interesting spin structures. Currently we use the metallurgical possibility to substitute Pr by La and Pb in these compounds in order to study the multiple interplay between electronic magnetism, nuclear magnetism, superconductivity (e.g. in Pr_1-xLa_xTe), and semiconductivity (e.g. in Pr_1-xPb_xTe).

Compared to magnetically doped superconductors described by the theory of Abrikosov and Gorkov, electronic singlet ground state systems can have a much larger critical concentration of magnetic impurities, following the model of Keller and Fulde. The recent study of the superconducting Van Vleck paramagnet La_{1-x}Pr_xTe revealed a critical Pr^{3+} concentration x close above 0.50. Surprisingly, in La_{0.50}Pr_{0.50}Te the superconducting state with T_c = 0.20 K appeares not to be stable down to zero temperature. Instead, a reentrant transition to the normal state likely caused by the hyperfine enhanced magnetic moments of the ^{141}Pr nuclei occurs at about 0.02 K. Although these moments are not in a magnetically ordered ground state at T = 0.02 K, their contribution to Cooper pair breaking seems to be even stronger than of ferromagnetically ordered but non enhanced nuclear moments in type-I superconducting AuIn₂.

We have measured the ac susceptibility and resistivity of highly pure samples of the intermetallic compound LaCu₆ down to ultralow temperatures. We have prepared the samples by arc melting of stoichiometric amounts of 99.99\% La and 99.9999\% Cu in a water-cooled copper crucible under Ar protective atmosphere and analysed them by x-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetometry. At T≤T_c = 0.16 K we observe a superconducting transition. Due to the manifold physical properties of isostructural ReCu₆ compounds (e.g. RE = Ce: heavy fermion system, RE = Pr: hyperfine enhanced nuclear spin system, RE = Nd: electronic antiferromagnet), numerous studies of interplay phenomena may become possible in the quasibinary compounds RE_1-xLa_xCu₆, respectively.

Die Internationale Länderkommission Kerntechnik (ILK) hat 2004 eine Stellungnahme zur Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit der Kernenergie und anderer Technologien zur Stromerzeugung vorgelegt.
Die Bewertung beruht u. a. auf der Quantifizierung von Indikatoren, wie etwa die Produktionskosten oder die CO-2-Emission, die verschiedene Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte charakterisieren und der Aggregation dieser Indikatoren zu einem einzigen Nachhaltigkeitskennwert für jede der betrachteten Energieoptionen.
Die Aggregation kann beispielsweise über den Totalkostenansatz oder mit Hilfe der Multikriteriellen Entscheidungsanalyse (MCDA) erfolgen. Die beiden Verfahren führen in der Regel zu unterschiedlicher Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung. Dies liegt zum einen daran, dass einige der Indikatoren finanziell nicht fassbar sind und deshalb im Totalkostenansatz nicht berücksichtigt werden. Zum anderen sind bei der Aggregation mit Hilfe der MCDA Wichtungsfaktoren für Einzelindikatoren und die "Nachhaltigkeitssäulen" Wirtschaft, Umwelt, Gesellschaft festzulegen. Bislang stehen keine Leitlinien für die Fixierung dieser Gewichtungen zur Vefügung. Der Vortrag stellt die genannten Aggregationsverfahren vor und diskuiterit dann Vor- und Nachteile.

The present paper discuss the posibility to obtain information about the field flatness of a 1.5 cell normal conducting RF gun cavity during the running of the gun. By measurements of the microwave network parameters at room temperature and by measurement of the passband frequencies in the running regime of the gun it is possible to estimate the perturbation of field flatness, caused by an inhomogeneous temperature distribution.

N,N-Dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-methylthiophenylthio)benzylamine (SMe-ADAM, 1) was found to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of the serotonin transporter (SERT). This compound was labelled with carbon-11 by methylation of the S-desmethyl precursor 10 with [¹¹C]methyl iodide to obtain the potential positron emission tomography radiotracer [¹¹C]SMe-ADAM. Radiochemical yield was 27  5 % and the specific radioactivity was 26 – 40 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis . Ex vivo and in vivo biodistribution experiments in rats demonstrated a rapid accumulation of the radiotracer in brain regions known to be rich in SERT, such as the thalamus/hypothalamus region (3.59 ± 0.41 %ID/g at 5 min after injection). This is the highest brain uptake ever reported for this type of radiotracer in rats. The specific uptake reached a thalamus to cerebellum ratio of 6.74 ± 0.95 at 60 min post injection. The [¹¹C]SMe-ADAM uptake in the thalamus was significantly decreased by pre-treatment with fluoxetine to 45 ± 9 % of the control values. Furthermore, no metabolites of [¹¹C]SMe-ADAM could be detected in the SERT rich regions of the rat brain. It is concluded that [¹¹C]SMe-ADAM may be a suitable PET ligand for SERT imaging in the living brain.