Comparison of simulations with PHITS and HIBRAC with experimental data in the context of particle therapy monitoring

Therapeutic irradiation with protons and ions is advantageous over radiotherapy with photons due to its favorable dose deposition. Additionally, ion beams provide a higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) than photons. For this reason an improved treatment of deep seated tumors is achieved and normal tissue is spared. However, small deviations from the treatment plan can have a large impact on the dose distribution. Therefore, a monitoring is required to assure the quality of the treatment. Particle Therapy Positron-Emission-Tomography (PT-PET) is the only clinically proven method which provides a non-invasive monitoring of dose delivery. It makes use of the ß+-activity produced by nuclear fragmentation during irradiation. In order to evaluate these PT-PET-measurements, simulations of the ß+-activity are necessary. Therefore, it is essential to know the yields of the ß+-emitting nuclides at every position of the beam path as exact as possible. We evaluated the 3D Monte-Carlo simulation tool PHITS (version 2.30) and the 1D deterministic simulation tool HIBRAC with respect to the production of ß+-emitting nuclides. The yields of the most important ß+-emitting nuclides for carbon, lithium, helium, and proton beams have been calculated. The results were then compared to experimental data obtained at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt, Germany. GEANT4 simulations provide an additional benchmark. For PHITS the impact of different nuclear reaction models, total cross section models and evaporation models on the ß+-emitter production has been studied. In general, PHITS underestimates the yields of positron-emitters and cannot compete with GEANT4 so far. The ß+-emitters calculated with an extended HIBRAC code were in good agreement with the experimental data for carbon and proton beams and comparable to the GEANT4 results. Considering the simulation results and its speed compared with 3D Monte-Carlo tools, HIBRAC is a good candidate for the implementation in clinical routine PT PET.